What are features of human language specified by C

正确答案：American linguist Charles Hockett proposed a defining framework in order to distinguish human language from any animal system of communication and help further understand the nature of language．He specified thirteen design featuresfive of which are mostly discussed． Arbitrariness--a sign of sophistication only humans are capable of．Animals cannot establish artificial／learned means to express themselves．Creativity--animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.They invariably use the same innate manner(noise／body movement)as fixed communication．There are no combinations or changes． Dualityr--a feature totally lacking in any animal communication．Animals communicate only in small limited number of sounds or physical movement．Displacement--No animal can“talk”about things removed from the immediate situation．A dog can never purposefully phonetically／vocally tell its owner what happened three days before．Cultural transmission--Details of human language system are taught and learned while animals are born with the capacity to send out certain signals as a means of limited communication．A beefor exampleis born to be able to tell where it found flowers by certain dancing．任意性——只有人类才具有的复杂特性。动物绝无能力建立一套后天的／学习获得的交流方式。创造性——动物所能传达的信息极其有限。它们总是以先天的固定方式(声音／肢体动作)交流没有组合也没有变化。二层性——动物交际完全不具有这一特征。动物只能用有限的声音或动作来表达。移位性——动物都不能“谈论”不在现时现场的事情。一只狗不能有目的地以语音／口头的方式告诉其主人三天前它发生的事。文化传递性——人类语言体系的具体内容是通过教与学而获得的而动物则生来就能发出某些信号以进行有限的交流。比如蜜蜂生来就有能力通过某种舞姿告诉伙伴花在何处。
AmericanlinguistCharlesHockettproposedadefiningframeworkinordertodistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunicationandhelpfurtherunderstandthenatureoflanguage．Hespecifiedthirteendesignfeatures,fiveofwhicharemostlydiscussed．Arbitrariness--asignofsophisticationonlyhumansarecapableof．Animalscannotestablishartificial／learnedmeanstoexpressthemselves．Creativity--animalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.Theyinvariablyusethesameinnatemanner(noise／bodymovement)asfixedcommunication．Therearenocombinationsorchanges．Dualityr--afeaturetotallylackinginanyanimalcommunication．Animalscommunicateonlyinsmalllimitednumberofsoundsorphysicalmovement．Displacement--Noanimalcan“talk”aboutthingsremovedfromtheimmediatesituation．Adogcanneverpurposefullyphonetically／vocallytellitsownerwhathappenedthreedaysbefore．Culturaltransmission--Detailsofhumanlanguagesystemaretaughtandlearnedwhileanimalsarebornwiththecapacitytosendoutcertainsignalsasameansoflimitedcommunication．Abee,forexample,isborntobeabletotellwhereitfoundflowersbycertaindancing．任意性——只有人类才具有的复杂特性。动物绝无能力建立一套后天的／学习获得的交流方式。创造性——动物所能传达的信息极其有限。它们总是以先天的固定方式(声音／肢体动作)交流,没有组合,也没有变化。二层性——动物交际完全不具有这一特征。动物只能用有限的声音或动作来表达。移位性——动物都不能“谈论”不在现时现场的事情。一只狗不能有目的地以语音／口头的方式告诉其主人三天前它发生的事。文化传递性——人类语言体系的具体内容是通过教与学而获得的,而动物则生来就能发出某些信号,以进行有限的交流。比如,蜜蜂生来就有能力通过某种舞姿告诉伙伴花在何处。